This dissertation deals with the poetry of C. Ntuli, withspecific reference to themes, diction and form.The introductory chapter deals with the aim of study, theauthor' s biographical background, the development of modernZulu poetry, the state of critical studies in modern Zulupoetry, the scope of study and the method of approach. Chapter2 examines the main themes manifest in the poetry of Ntuli.Chapter 3 is devoted to diction, with particular reference toimagery, compound words, ideophones and deideophonicderivatives. Comment is also made on ways in which theseamplify the theme in selected poems. Chapter 4 discussesoutstanding formal features and techniques including stanzaformation, refrains, alliteration, parallelism, linking andrhythm. Chapter 5 concludes the study by giving observationsabout the quality of Ntuli' s contribution to modern Zulupoetry, and by exploring some possibilities regarding future studies on the poetry of Ntuli African Languages M.

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(African languages). The debate on fertilizer reform process in Zambia has two contrasting views. Some stakeholders continue to be convinced that the private sector is unable to adequately serve the needs of smallholder farmers, especially in the more remote parts of the country. Only 20 per cent of smallholder farmers used fertilizer in 1999/00. There are serious concerns over private traders’ willingness to deliver inputs on credit for low-resource farmers.

According to this view, government fertilizer and credit distribution are indispensable for promoting smallholder agricultural productivity growth. Others believe that the fertilizer market should be restructured even more fully to remove the constraints on the private sector and reduce the drain on the public treasury. This latter line of argument is based on the premise that the continuation of government programs, while intended to meet the needs of remote and poor smallholder farmers, may actually undermine the market for private traders more generally and weaken the prospects for building a vibrant market-oriented fertilizer distribution system. Proponents of this view also contend that the private sector can indeed meet the needs of poor smallholder farmers in remote areas if the policy environment is conducive and if adequate investments in infrastructure are made to support a market economy. This study was identified by the Advisory Board of the Food Security Research Project, composed of government and private sector stakeholders in Zambia’ s agricultural sector.

The objectives of the study were to describe how the fertilizer industry has developed under the process of liberalization, to examine the effects of liberalization, to identify feasible opportunities to reduce farm-gate fertilizer prices and increase smallholder farmers’ access to fertilizer. Particular attention was given to the impact of government programs on the objective of increasing the private sector’ s capacity and incentives to distribute fertilizer, and policy options for increasing fertilizer use in areas where it is profitable and contributes to agricultural productivity.

This summary provides the main results of the study and recommendations for consideration by government. First, the general trends in the importation of fertilizer into Zambia and the contributions of different players are shown. This is followed by a presentation of the alternative marketing channels prevalent in Zambia during 1999/2000 and their respective market shares and other characteristics. Thirdly, key suggestions on how to reduce the price farmers pay for fertilizer are presented. Finally, the recommendations emanating from these findings are provided. RT Journal Article A1 Lindsey, Peter Andrew A1 Balme, Guy A1 Becker, Matthew A1 Begg, Colleen A1 Bento, Carlos A1 Bocchino, Clara A1 Dickman, Amy A1 Diggle, Richard W.

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A1 Eves, Heather A1 Henschel, Philipp A1 Lewis, Dale A1 Marnewick, Kelly A1 Mattheus, Jaco A1 Weldon McNutt, J. A1 McRobb, Rachel A1 Midlane, Neil A1 Milanzi, James A1 Morley, Robert A1 Murphree, Michael A1 Opyene, Vincent A1 Phadima, Joe A1 Purchase, Gianetta A1 Rentsch, Dennis A1 Roche, Christopher A1 Shaw, Joanne A1 Westhuizen, Hugo van der A1 Vliet, Nathalie Van A1 Zisadza-Gandiwa, Patience T1 Review: The bushmeat trade in African savannas: Impacts, drivers, and possible solutions FD In Biological Conservation April 2013 160:80-96 FD 2013-04-01 OP 96 VO 160 DO 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.12.020 SP 80 JF Biological Conservation SN 00063207. The bushmeat trade, or the illegal acquisition and exchange of wild meat, has long been recognised as a severe problem in forest biomes, but receives little attention in savannas, perhaps due to a misconception that bushmeat hunting is a low-impact subsistence activity. Though data on impacts are scarce, indications are that bushmeat hunting is a widespread problem in savannas, with severe impacts on wildlife populations and wildlife-based land uses. The impacts of the bushmeat trade in savannas vary from edge-effects around protected areas, to disproportionate declines of some species, to severe wildlife declines in areas with inadequate anti-poaching. In some areas, bushmeat contributes significantly to food security, but these benefits are unsustainable, and hunting is wasteful, utilising a fraction of the wildlife killed or of its financial value obtainable through tourism, trophy hunting and/or legal game meat production. The bushmeat trade appears to be becoming increasingly commercialised due to elevated demand in rural areas, urban centres and even overseas cities.

Other drivers for the trade include human encroachment of wildlife areas; poverty and food insecurity; and inadequate legal frameworks to enable communities to benefit legally from wildlife, and to create incentives for people to desist from illegal bushmeat hunting. These drivers are exacerbated by inadequate wildlife laws and enforcement and in some areas, political instability. Urgent efforts are needed to address these drivers and raise awareness among local and international governments of the seriousness of the threat.

Failure to address this will result in severe wildlife declines widely in African savannas, with significant ecological, economic and social impacts. RT Journal Article A1 Zhang, Guoqing A1 Cai, Fangping A1 Zhou, Zhiyong A1 DeVos, Joshua A1 Wagar, Nick A1 Diallo, Karidia A1 Zulu, Isaac A1 Wadonda-Kabondo, Nellie A1 Stringer, Jeffrey S.

A1 Weidle, Paul J. A1 Ndongmo, Clement B. A1 Sikazwe, Izukanji A1 Sarr, Abdoulaye A1 Kagoli, Matthew A1 Nkengasong, John A1 Gao, Feng A1 Yang, Chunfu T1 Simultaneous Detection of Major Drug Resistance Mutations in the Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Genes for HIV-1 Subtype C by Use of a Multiplex Allele-Specific Assay FD Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 2013, Vol. 51 Issue: 11 p3666-3674, 9p FD 2013-01-01 OP 3674 VO 51 IS 11 SP 3666 JF Journal of Clinical Microbiology SN 00951137. High-throughput, sensitive, and cost-effective HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) detection assays are needed for large-scale monitoring of the emergence and transmission of HIVDR in resource-limited settings. Using suspension array technology, we have developed a multiplex allele-specific (MAS) assay that can simultaneously detect major HIVDR mutations at 20 loci. Forty-five allele-specific primers tagged with unique 24-base oligonucleotides at the 5′ end were designed to detect wild-type and mutant alleles at the 20 loci of HIV-1 subtype C.

The MAS assay was first established and optimized with three plasmid templates (C-wt, C-mut1, and C-mut2) and then evaluated using 148 plasma specimens from HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals. All the wild-type and mutant alleles were unequivocally distinguished with plasmid templates, and the limits of detection were 1.56% for K219Q and K219E, 3.13% for L76V, 6.25% for K65R, K70R, L74V, L100I, K103N, K103R, Q151M, Y181C, and I47V, and 12.5% for M41L, K101P, K101E, V106A, V106M, Y115F, M184V, Y188L, G190A, V32I, I47A, I84V, and L90M. Analyses of 148 plasma specimens revealed that the MAS assay gave 100% concordance with conventional sequencing at eight loci and 95% (range, 95.21% to 99.32%) concordance at the remaining 12 loci. The differences observed were caused mainly by 24 additional low-abundance alleles detected by the MAS assay. Ultradeep sequencing analysis confirmed 15 of the 16 low-abundance alleles.

This multiplex, sensitive, and straightforward result-reporting assay represents a new efficient genotyping tool for HIVDR surveillance and monitoring.